If you’re preparing for the United States Medical Licensing Examination® (USMLE®) Step 1 exam, you might want to know which questions are most often missed by test-prep takers. Check out this example from Kaplan Medical, and read an expert explanation of the answer. Also check out all posts in this series.
This month’s stumper
A 54-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination because of progressive rheumatoid arthritis unresponsive to high dose NSAIDs. Treatment with prednisone and hydroxychloroquine began six weeks earlier. He is concerned about steroid-induced osteoporosis, because his father, a type 2 diabetic, recently fell and broke his hip. Laboratory studies and a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry test (DEXA) of the spine and hip are ordered to address the patient's concerns. Which of the following additional tests would be recommended for this patient?
A. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D levels.
B. High-density lipoprotein levels.
C. Intact parathyroid hormone levels.
D. Serum glucose levels.
E. Serum protein electrophoresis.
The correct answer is D.
Kaplan Medical explains why
The clue to the answer in this question is that this patient has a family history of diabetes. Long-term corticosteroid therapy in a patient with a family history of diabetes may increase the chance of a patient developing that disease. However, patients with or without any risk factors of diabetes who take corticosteroids chronically may experience increased levels of blood glucose. Glucocorticoids increase hepatic gluconeogenesis, inhibit glucose uptake, and induce insulin resistance. The risk of glucocorticoid-induced diabetes increases with dosage, duration of therapy, family history of diabetes mellitus, age, obesity, and high blood glucose concentrations prior to glucocorticoid therapy.
Prednisone is a glucocorticoid indicated for a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Common additional adverse side effects include Cushingoid appearance and weight gain, skin thinning and purpura, sleep disturbances, mood changes, skeletal and muscle abnormalities (e.g., osteoporosis, increase fracture risk, myopathy), immunosuppression, neutrophilia and increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events.
Why the other answers are wrong
Choice A: Measurement of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, the active vitamin D metabolite, would not be recommended since corticosteroids do not generally impact vitamin D levels. Glucocorticoids produce osteoporosis by decreasing intestinal calcium absorption and increasing urinary calcium excretion.
Choice B: Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels have been reported to increase during steroid therapy of patients with rheumatoid arthritis; this would generally be considered beneficial. Rheumatoid arthritis is strongly associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. The reported increase in the HDL/LDL ratio in rheumatoid patients treated with combination therapy that includes glucocorticoids is potentially anti-atherogenic. Since adverse changes in the lipid profiles, such as decreased HDL levels, are not associated with this therapy, their measurement is of less benefit for this patient.
Choice C: Although parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a calcium regulator in the body, it is not considered a major contributor to corticosteroid-induced bone loss, so measurement of intact PTH is not the best choice. It would be significant in a patient with osteoporosis who has underlying malabsorption such as that occurring with inflammatory bowel disease.
Choice E: Serum protein electrophoresis is used for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma in patients with pathologic fractures or a high clinical suspicion of myeloma. This patient does not have the signs and symptoms commonly associated with multiple myeloma such as bone pain, renal impairment, fatigue and anemia.
Tips to remember
- Glucocorticoids, such as prednisone, prevent or suppress inflammation and immune responses when administered at pharmacologic doses.
- These drugs cause many side effects, including steroid-induced osteoporosis and increased levels of blood glucose in patients with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance.
For more prep questions on USMLE Steps 1, 2 and 3, view other posts in this series.
The AMA and Kaplan have teamed up to support you in reaching your goal of passing the USMLE® or COMLEX-USA®. If you're looking for additional resources, Kaplan provides free access to tools for pre-clinical studies, including Kaplan’s Lecture Notes series, Integrated Vignettes, Shelf Prep and more.
