Editorials

Congress on Biomedical Peer Review: History, Ethics, and Plans for the Future
D. Rennie, A. Flanagin, Chicago, Ill

Peer Review in Prague
D. Rennie, Chicago, Ill

Authorship

Authorship: The Coin of the Realm, The Source of Complaints
L. J. Wilcox, Boston, Mass

What Are the Factors Determining Authorship and the Order of the Authors' Names? A Study Among Authors of the Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (Dutch Journal of Medicine)
W. P. Hoen, H. C. Walvoort, A. J. P. M. Overbeke, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Multiple Authorship: The Contribution of Senior Authors
J. P. H. Drenth, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

Prevalence of Articles With Honorary Authors and Ghost Authors in Peer-Reviewed Medical Journals
A. Flanagin, Chicago, Ill; L. A. Carey, New York, NY; P. B. Fontanarosa, Chicago, Ill; S. G. Phillips, Hackensack, NJ; B. P. Pace, G. D. Lundberg, D. Rennie, Chicago, Ill

Conflict of Interest

Financial Interest and Its Disclosure in Scientific Publications
S. Krimsky, Medford, Mass; L. S. Rothenberg, Los Angeles, Calif

Quality of Peer Review

Changes to Manuscripts During the Editorial Process: Characterizing the Evolution of a Clinical Paper
G. P. Purcell, Durham, NC; S. L. Donovan, F. Davidoff, Philadelphia, Pa

Reliability of Editors' Subjective Quality Ratings of Peer Reviews of Manuscripts
M. L. Callaham, San Francisco, Calif; W. G. Baxt, Philadelphia, Pa; J. F. Waeckerle, Kansas City, Mo; R. L. Wears, Jacksonville, Fla

What Makes a Good Reviewer and a Good Review for a General Medical Journal?
N. Black, S. van Rooyen, F. Godlee, R. Smith, S. Evans, London, England

Effect of Blinding and Unmasking on the Quality of Peer Review: A Randomized Trial
S. van Rooyen, F. Godlee, S. Evans, R. Smith, N. Black, London, England

Effect on the Quality of Peer Review of Blinding Reviewers and Asking Them to Sign Their Reports: A Randomized Controlled Trial
F. Godlee, London, England; C. R. Gale, C. N. Martyn, Southampton, England

Does Masking Author Identity Improve Peer Review Quality? A Randomized Controlled Trial
A. C. Justice, Cleveland, Ohio; M. K. Cho, Philadelphia, Pa; M. A. Winker, Chicago, Ill; J. A. Berlin, Philadelphia, Pa; D. Rennie, San Francisco, Calif; and the PEER Investigators

Masking Author Identity in Peer Review: What Factors Influence Masking Success?
M. K. Cho, Philadelphia, Pa; A. C. Justice, Cleveland, Ohio; M. A. Winker, Chicago, Ill; J. A. Berlin, Philadelphia, Pa; J. F. Waeckerle, Kansas City, Mo; M. L. Callaham, D. Rennie, San Francisco, Calif; and the PEER Investigators

Bias

US and Non-US Submissions: An Analysis of Reviewer Bias
A. M. Link, Bethesda, Md

Adherence to Published Standards of Reporting: A Comparison of Placebo-Controlled Trials Published in English or German
C. A. Junker, Berne, Switzerland

Publication Bias and Research on Passive Smoking: Comparison of Published and Unpublished Studies
A. L. Misakian, L. A. Bero, San Francisco, Calif

Positive-Outcome Bias and Other Limitations in the Outcome of Research Abstracts Submitted to a Scientific Meeting
M. L. Callaham, San Francisco, Calif; R. L. Wears, Gainesville, Fla; E. J. Weber, San Francisco, Calif; C. Barton, Chapel Hill, NC; G. Young, San Francisco, Calif

Unpublished Research From a Medical Specialty Meeting: Why Investigators Fail to Publish
E. J. Weber, M. L. Callaham, San Francisco, Calif; R. L. Wears, Jacksonville, Fla; C. Barton, Chapel Hill, NC; G. Young, San Francisco, Calif

Is There a Sex Bias in Choosing Editors? Epidemiology Journals as an Example
K. Dickersin, L. Fredman, Baltimore, Md; K. M. Flegal, Hyattsville, Md; J. D. Scott, B. Crawley, Baltimore, Md

Reviewing the Reviews: The Example of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
J. Joyce, S. Rabe-Hesketh, S. Wessely, London, England

Improving Quality

Can the Accuracy of Abstracts Be Improved by Providing Specific Instructions? A Randomized Controlled Trial
R. M. Pitkin, M. A. Branagan, Los Angeles, Calif

Reporting of Randomized Clinical Trial Descriptors and Use of Structured Abstracts
R. W. Scherer, B. Crawley, Baltimore, Md

Perceived Value of Providing Peer Reviewers With Abstracts and Preprints of Related Published and Unpublished Papers
C. L. Hatch, Bethesda, Md; S. N. Goodman, Baltimore, Md

Evaluating the BMJ Guidelines for Economic Submissions: Prospective Audit of Economic Submissions to BMJ and The Lancet
T. Jefferson, R. Smith, London, England; Y. Yee, M. Drummond, York, England; M. Pratt, R. Gale, London, England

Methodology and Reports of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses: A Comparison of Cochrane Reviews With Articles Published in Paper-Based Journals
A. R. Jadad, D. J. Cook, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; A. Jones, T. P. Klassen, P. Tugwell, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; M. Moher, Oxford, England; D. Moher, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Discussion Sections in Reports of Controlled Trials Published in General Medical Journals: Islands in Search of Continents?
M. Clarke, I. Chalmers, Oxford, England

Research Design and Statistical Methods in Chinese Medical Journals
Q. Wang, B. Zhang, Shanghai, China

The Editors and Their Journals

The Reported Training and Experience of Editors in Chief of Specialist Clinical Medical Journals
J. Garrow, M. Butterfield, J. Marshall, A. Williamson, London, England

A Comparison of the Opinions of Experts and Readers as to What Topics a General Medical Journal (JAMA) Should Address
G. D. Lundberg, Chicago, Ill; M. C. Paul, Princeton, NJ; H. Fritz, Chicago, Ill

Ethical Issues in Studying Submissions to a Medical Journal
C. M. Olson, Seattle, Wash; R. M. Glass, Chicago, Ill; S. B. Thacker, D. F. Stroup, Atlanta, Ga

The News Media and Peer-Reviewed Journals

Peer-Reviewed Articles and Public Health: The Mad Cow Affair in Italian Newspapers
E. Girardi, N. Petrosillo, M. S. Aloisi, L. Ravà, G. Ippolito, Rome, Italy

Press Releases of Science Journal Articles and Subsequent Newspaper Stories on the Same Topic
V. de Semir, C. Ribas, G. Revuelta, Barcelona, Spain

When Things Go Wrong and Solutions

Phenomena of Retraction: Reasons for Retraction and Citations to the Publications
J. M. Budd, M. Sievert, T. R. Schultz, Columbia, Mo

The Journal Ombudsperson: A Step Toward Scientific Press Oversight
R. Horton, London, England

Freedom and Responsibility in Medical Publication: Setting the Balance Right
D. Rennie, Chicago, Ill

The International Congress on Biomedical Peer Review and Global Communications Advisory Board

JAMA Patient Page: Medical Research