Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, et al. food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online]. 1999;5(5):607-625. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no5/mead.htm.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks--United States, 1993-1997. MMWR. 2000;49(SS01):1-66.

Swerdlow DL, Altekruse SF. Foodborne diseases in the global village: what's on the plate for the 21st century. In: Scheld WM, Craig WA, Hughes JM, eds. Emerging Infections 2. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1998:273-293.

Tauxe RV, Hughes JM. Foodborne disease. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th Ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1997:1012-1024.

Tauxe RV. Emerging foodborne disease: an evolving public health challenge. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997;3:425-434.

Anthrax

Turnbull PCB, Bohm R, et al. Guidelines for the Surveillance and Control of Anthrax in Humans and Animals. Geneva: WHO/Zoon/93.170. 1993.

Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. JAMA. 1999; 281:1735-1745.

Botulism

Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Becher J, Swerdlow DL. Botulism surveillance and emergency response: a public health strategy for a global challenge. JAMA. 1997;278:433-435.

Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Swerdlow DL. Botulism in the United States: A clinical and epidemiologic review. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:221-8

Angulo FJ, Getz J, Taylor JP, et al. A large outbreak of botulism: the hazardous baked potato. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:172-177.

Angulo FJ, St. Louis ME. Botulism. In: Evans AS, Brachman PS, eds. Bacterial Infections of Humans. New York: Plenum; 1998:13153.

Brainerd Diarrhea

Parsonnet J, Wanke C, Hack H. Idiopathic chronic diarrhea. In: Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. MJ Blaser, PD Smith, JI Ravdin, HB Greenberg, RL Guerrant, editors. Raven Press, Ltd. New York 1995;311-323.

Mintz ED, Weber JT, Tauxe RV, et al. An outbreak of brainerd diarrhea among travelers to the Galapagos Islands. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:1041-1045.

Osterholm MT, MacDonald KL, White KE, et al. An outbreak of newly recognized chronic diarrhea syndrome associated with raw milk consumption. JAMA. 1986;256:484-490.

Brucellosis

Baldi PC, Miguel SE, Fossati, CA, Wallach JC. Serological follow-up of human brucellosis by measuring IgG Antibodies to lipopolysaccharide and cytoplasmic proteins of Brucella species. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:446-455.

Martin-Mazuelos E, Nogales MC, Florez C, Gomez-Mateos M, Lozano F, Sanchez A. Outbreak of Brucella melitensis among microbiology laboratory workers. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:2035-2036.

Khuri-bulos NA, Doud AH, Azab SM. Treatment of childhood brucellosis: results of a prospective trial on 113 children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993;12:377-381.

Chomel BB, DeBess EE, Mangiamele DM, Reilly KF, Farver TB, Sun RK, Barrett LR. Changing trends in the epidemiology of human brucellosis in California from 1973 to 1992: a shift toward foodborne transmission. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:1216-1223.

Campylobacter

Roels TH, Wickus HH, Bostrum JJ, et al. A foodborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni (0:33) infection associated with tuna salad: a rare strain in an unusual vehicle. Epidemol Infect. 1998;121:281-287.

Smith, KE, Besser, JM, Hedberg, CW, et al. Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections in Minnesota, 1992-1998. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1525-1532.

Allos BM, Taylor DN. Campylobacter infections. In: Evans AS, Brachman PS, eds. Bacterial Infections of Humans. New York: Plenum Medical; 1998:169-190.

Cholera

Mahon BE, Mintz ED, Greene KD, et al. Reported cholera in the United States, 1992-1994: a reflection of global changes in cholera epidemiology. JAMA. 1996;276:307-312.

Wachsmuth IK, Blake PA, Olsvik O, eds. Vibrio cholerae and Cholera: Molecular to Global Perspectives. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1994.

Mintz ED, Tauxe, RT, Levine MM. The global resurgence of cholera. In: Noah N, O'Mahoney M, eds. Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998.

Cryptosporidium

Guerrant RL. Cryptosporidiosis: an emerging, highly infectious threat. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online]. 1997;3(1):51-57. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no1/guerrant.htm.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Foodborne outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cryptosporidium parvum -- Minnesota, 1995. MMWR. 1996;45:783-784.

Millard PS, Gensheimer KF, Addiss DG, et. al. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis from fresh-pressed apple cider. JAMA. 1994;272:1592-1596

Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:161-7.

Smith JL. Cryptosporidium and Giardia as agents of foodborne disease. J Food Protection. 1993;56:451-461.

Cyclospora

Herwaldt BL, et al. An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1548-1556.

Herwaldt BL, et al. The return of Cyclospora in 1997: another outbreak of cyclosporiasis in North America associated with imported raspberries. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130:21-0220.

Soave R, et al. Cyclospora. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1998;12:1-12.

Sterling CR and Ortega YR. Cyclospora: an enigma worth unraveling. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online]. 1999;5(1):48-53. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no1/sterling.htm.

Diarrheogenic E. coli

Dalton CB; Mintz ED; Wells JG; Bopp CA; Tauxe RV. Outbreaks of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in American adults: a clinical and epidemiologic profile. Epidemiol Infect. 1999;123:9-16.

Moyenuddin M, Wachsmuth IK, Moseley SL et al. Serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and adherence properties of Escherichia coli strains associated with outbreaks of diarrheal illness in children in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:2234-2239.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Foodborne outbreaks of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Rhode Island and New Hampshire, 1993. MMWR. 1994;43:81-89.

Dupont HL, Mathewson JJ. Escherichia coli diarrhea. In: Evans AS, Brachman PS, eds. Bacterial Infections of Humans. New York: Plenum Medical; 1998:269-283.

Environmental

Altekruse SF, Street DA, Fein SB, Levy AS. Consumer knowledge of foodborne microbial hazards and food-handling practices. J Food Prot. 1996;59:287-294.

Reid DS, Harris LJ. Microorganisms and microbial toxins. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999; 459:9-21.

Blaha T. Epidemiology and quality assurance application to food safety. Prev Vet Med. 1999;39(2):81-92.

Escherichia coli O157:H7

Bender JB, Hedberg CW, Besser JM, et al. Surveillance for Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in Minnesota by molecular subtyping. N Engl J. Med. 1997;337:388-394.

Mahon BE, Griffin PM, Mead PS, Tauxe RV. Hemolytic uremic syndrome surveillance to monitor trends in infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online]. 1997;3(3):409-412. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no3/letters.htm#mahon.

Slutsker L, Ries AA, Greene KD, et al. Escherichia coli O157:H7 diarrhea in the United States: clinical and epidemiologic features. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:505-513.

Mead PS and Griffin PM. Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lancet. 1998;352:1207-12.

Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeed RL, Watkins, SL, and Tarr, PI. The risk of the hemolyticuremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1930-6.

Giardia

Hardie RM, Wall PG, Gott P, et al. Infectious Diarrhea in Tourists Staying in a Resort Hotel. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online]. 1999;5(1):168-171. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no1/hardie.htm .

Mintz ED, et al. Foodborne giardiasis in a corporate office setting. J Infect Dis. 1993; 167:250-253.

Hill D. Giardiasis: issues in diagnosis and management. Inf Dis Clin North Am. 1993; 7:503-25.

Petersen LR, Cartter ML, Hadler JL. A foodborne outbreak of Giardia lamblia. J Infect Dis. 1988;157:846-848.

Hepatitis A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1999;48(No. RR-12).

Listeriosis

Salamina G, Donne ED, Niccolini A, et al. A foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis involving Listeria monocytogenes. Epidemiol Infect. 1996;117:429-436.

Schuchat A. Listeriosis and pregnancy: food for thought. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1997;52:721-722.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis -- United States, 1998. MMWR. 1998;47:1085-1086.

Slutsker L, Schuchat A. Listeriosis in humans. In: Ryser ET, Marth EH, eds. Listeria, Listeriosis, and Food Safety. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1999;75-95.

Norwalk-like Viruses

Kapikian AZ, Estes MK, Chanock RM. Norwalk group of viruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, et al, eds. Fields Virology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: LippincottRaven Publishers; 1996:783-810.

Fankhauser RL, Noel JS, Monroe SS, Ando TA, Glass RI. Molecular epidemiology of "Norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1571-1578.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis in US army trainees - Texas, 1998. MMWR. 1999;48:225-227.

Hedberg CW, Osterholm MT. Outbreaks of foodborne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993;6:199-210.

Parashar UD, Dow L, Fankhauser RL, et al. An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers. Epidemiol Infect. 1998;121:615-621.

Salmonellosis

Mahon BE, Ponka A, Hall WN, et al. An international outbreak of Salmonella infections caused by alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:876-82.

Mermin J, Hoar B, Angulo FJ. Iguanas and Salmonella marina infection in children: a reflection of the incidence of reptile-associated salmonellosis in the United States. Pediatrics. 1997;99:399-402.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype enteritidis infection associated with consumption of raw shell eggs, United States, 1994-1995. MMWR. 1996;45:737-742.

Shigellosis

Sobel J, Cameron DN, Ismail J, et al. A prolonged outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections in traditionally observant Jewish communities in North America caused by a molecularly distinct bacterial subtype. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:1405-1408.

Mohle-Boetani JC, Stapleton M, Finger R, et al. Community-wide shigellosis: control of an outbreak and risk factors in child day-care centers. Am J Public Health. 1995;85:812-816.

Ries AA, Wells JG, Olivola D, et al. Epidemic Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in Burundi: panresistance and implications for prevention. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:1035-1041.

Lee LA, Shapiro CN, Hargrett-Bean N, Tauxe RV. Hyperedemic shigellosis in the United States: a review of surveillance data for 1967-1988. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:894-900.

Townes JM, Quick R, Gonzales O, et al. Etiology of bloody diarrhea in Bolivian children: implications for empiric therapy. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:1527-1530.

Toxoplasmosis

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC recommendations regarding selected conditions affecting women's health. MMWR. 2000;49(No. RR-2):57-75.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing congenital toxoplasmosis. MMWR. 2000;49(No. RR-2):57-75.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: US Public Health Service (USPHS) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). MMWR. 1999;48(No. RR-10):7-9.

Trichonosis

Capo V, Dickson DD. Clinical aspects of infections with Trichinella spp. Clin Microbiol. 1996;9:47-54.

Laurichesse H, Cambon M, Perre D, et al. Outbreak of trichinellosis in France associated with eating horse meat. Com Dis Rep. 1997;7(5):R69-73.

MacLean JD, Viallet J, Law C, Staudt M: Trichinosis in the Canadian Arctic: Report of five outbreaks and a new clinical syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:513.

Typhoid Fever

Mermin JH, Townes JM, Gerber M, et al. Typhoid fever in the United States, 1985-1994: changing risks of international travel and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:633-638.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Typhoid immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR. 1994;43(No. RR-14).

Ackers ML; Puhr ND; Tauxe RV; Mintz ED. Laboratory-based surveillance of Salmonella serotype typhi infections in the United States: antimicrobial resistance on the rise. JAMA. 2000;283:2668-73.

References used to compile Foodborne Illnesses Tables

Askew GL, Finelli L, Genese CA, Sorhage FE, Sosin DM, Spitalny KC. Boilerbasse: an outbreak of methemoglobinemia in New Jersey in 1992. Pediatrics. 1994;94:381.

Bhat RV, Beedu SR, Ramakrishna Y, Munshi KL. Outbreak of trichothecene mycotoxicosis associated with consumption of moulddamaged wheat products in Kashmir Valley, India. Lancet. 1989;1:35.

Cartwright CP. Utility of Multiple-Stool-Specimen Ova and Parasite Examinations in a High-Prevalence Setting. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:2408-2411.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of hepatitis A through active and passive immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1999;48(No. RR-12).

Chien L, Robertson H, Gerrard JW. Infantile gastroenteritis due to water with high sulfate content. Can Med Assoc J. 1968;99:102.

Corbel, MJ. Brucellosis: an overview. Emerging Infect Dis [serial online]. 1997;3:213. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no2/corbel.htm.

DuPont HL and The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Guidelines on acute infectious diarrhea in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:1962.

Eliason BC, Lewan RB. Gastroenteritis in children: principles of diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 1998;58:1769.

Fleming CA, Caron D, Gunn JE, Barry MA. A food borne outbreak of Cyclospora cayetanensis at a wedding: clinical features and risk factors for illness. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1121.

Guidelines for confirmation of foodborne-disease outbreaks. MMWR Appendix B. 1996;45(SS-5):58.

Morgan MRA, Fenwick GR. Foodborne Illness: natural foodborne toxicants. Lancet. 1990;336:1492.

Neill MA, Osterholm MT, Swerdlow DL. New threats from food borne infections. Patient Care. July 15, 1994;47-71.

Rodrigue DC, Etzel RA, de Porras E, Velasquez OH, Tauxe RV, Kilbourne, EM, Blake PA. Lethal paralytic shellfish poisoning in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990;42:267.

Schlech WF III. Listeria gastroenteritis: old syndrome, new pathogen. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(2):130-132.

Seamens CM, Schwartz G. Foodborne illnesses: differential diagnosis and targeted management. Emerg Med Ref. 1998;19:120.

Talal AH, Murray JA. Acute and chronic diarrhea. Postgrad Med. 1994;96:30.

Tangermann RH, Etzel RA, Mortimer L, Renner GD, Paschal DC. An outbreak of a food-related illness resembling boric acid poisoning. Arch Environ Contm Toxicol. 1992;90:228.

Tauxe RV, Hughes JM. Foodborne disease. In: Mandel GF, Bennett JE, Dohr R, eds. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone: New York; 1997;1012.

Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeed RL, Watkins, SL, and Tarr, PI. The risk of the hemolyticuremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1930-6.

Last updated: Feb 22, 2008
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