Genomic- and Molecular-based Personalized Health Care
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Summary
Objectives. To review the current status of the use of genetic information to enhance patient care and the potential implications of the human genome for research and development and clinical practice, and to briefly identify some public policy issues surrounding the use of genomic information.
Data Sources. Literature searches were conducted in the PUBMED database for English-language articles published between 2000 and February 2006 using the search term personalized medicine or pharmacogenomics, in combination with drug and metabolism, receptor, or transporter. In addition, the Web sites of the Human Genome Project, Pharmacogenomics Research Network, SNP Consortium, International HapMap Project, and the National Cancer Institute were consulted for relevant information.
Results. Considerable progress has been made in mapping the sequence of the human genome and identifying sources of human genetic variation. Construction of genetic maps and the identification of conserved haplotypes promises to assist in the search for genes that convey risk, or protection from, chronic diseases. Several pharmacogenetic tests are currently available to assist clinicians in the proper use or dosing of prescription medications.
Conclusions. Advances in molecular medicine technologies will change the face of medicine, both in terms of the design and use of specific treatments tailored to an individual’s genotype, and in the design of prevention strategies for chronic disease. Such advances will require a concerted effort on the part of the private and public sector, coupled with enhanced educational efforts. Ethical, social, and legal issues will continue to evolve as the technology itself evolves.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following statements, recommended by the Council on Science and Public Health, were adopted by the AMA House of Delegates as AMA directives at the 2006 AMA Annual Meeting:
- Resolution 422 (A-05) is adopted. (Directive)
- The AMA will maintain a visible presence in genetics and molecular medicine, including Web-based resources and the development of educational materials, to assist in educating physicians about relevant clinical practice issues related to genomics as they develop. (Directive)
- The AMA will promote the appropriate use of pharmacogenomics in drug development and clinical trials. (Directive)
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