AMA - Print Page

CEJA Reports

Most unpublished CEJA reports are available in PDF format. Citations for reports that have been published are listed; corresponding publications can be obtained from most libraries. Reports not available online (such as those recently adopted by the AMA and pending publication) are made available upon request by contacting CEJA staff. If you do not know the number or the year of the report you are seeking, you can consult the list below where report titles are listed in chronological order.

Please note: CEJA reports may not be reproduced without express written permission.

June 2009 (A-09)
2-A-09	Financial Barriers to Health Care Access
3-A-09	Breach of Security in Electronic Health Records
4-A-09	Physician Employment by a Nonphysician Supervisee
5-A-09	Quality
6-A-09	Human and Nonhuman Hybrids
7-A-09	Judicial Function of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs—Annual Report
9-A-09	Secret Shopper Patients

November 2008 (I-08)
1-I-08*	Physicians' Self-Referral
1-I-08**	Industry Support for Professional Education in Medicine”—Update
4-I-08	Informed Consent in Investigational Trials
5-I-08	Modernizing the AMA Code of Medical Ethics

* Physician Self-Referral is a report issued by Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, numbered CEJA Report 1-I-08
** CEJA Report 1-A-08, “Industry Support for Professional Education in Medicine”—Update, is a joint report issued by the Council on Ethical Affairs (CEJA) and the Council on Medical Education (CME), numbered CEJA-CME Report 1-I-08.

June 2008 (A-08)
2-A-08	Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Leasing Arrangements in Medical Imaging
4-A-08	Peers as Patients
5-A-08	Sedation to Unconsciousness in End-of-Life Care
6-A-08	Expedited Partner Therapy
7-A-08	Protection of Medical Staff Members' Personal Proprietary Financial Information
8-A-08	Surgeons' Attendance During Surgery
9-A-08	Deadlines for HOD Resolutions
10-A-08	Judicial Function of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs—Annual Report

November 2007 (I-07)
2-I-07	Modification of Ethics Policy to Ensure Inclusion for Transgender Physicians, Medical Students, and Patients)
3-I-07	Amendment to Opinion E-9.095, “Trademarks, Patents, Copyrights, and Other Legal Restrictions on Medical Procedures”
4-I-07	Pediatric Decision-Making
9-I-07	Umbilical Cord Blood Banking

June 2007 (A-07)
2-A-07	Industry Representatives in Clinical Settings
3-A-07	Radio Frequency ID Devices in Humans
6-A-07	Physician Objection to Treatment and Individual Patient Discrimination (Res. 5, A-06)
8-A-07	Restrictive Covenants
9-A-07	Judicial Function of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs—Annual Report
10-A-07	Physicians in Administrative or Other Non-clinical Roles

November 2006 (I-06)
2-I-06	Placebo Use in Clinical Practice
4-I-06	Amendment to Opinion E-5.05, “Confidentiality”

June 2006 (A-06)
2-A-06	Withholding Information from Patients (Therapeutic Privilege)
3-A-06	Solicitation of the Public for Directed Donation of Organs for Transplantation
8-A-06	The Judicial Function of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs - Applicant and Member Screening
9-A-06	Judicial Function of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs—Annual Report
10-A-06	Physician Participation in Interrogation (Res. 1, I-05)

November 2005 (I-05)
1-I-05	The Use of Quarantine and Isolation as Public Health Interventions
2-I-05	Ethics of Physician Participation in Reality Television for Entertainment (PDF, 46KB)
3-I-05	Physician Pay-for-Performance Programs

June 2005 (A-05)
1-A-05	Judicial Function of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs – Annual Report
3-A-05	Direct-to-Consumer Diagnostic Imaging Tests
4-A-05	Patient Privacy and Outside Observers to the Clinical Encounter
5-A-05	Transplantation of Organs from Living Donors
6-A-05	Universal Out-of-Hospital DNR Systems
7-A-05	Presumed Consent for Organ Donation
8-A-05	Resident Physicians’ Involvement in Patient Care
9-A-05	Racial and Ethnic Health Care Disparities
10-A-05	Organ Procurement Following Cardiac Death, Amendment

December 2004 (I-04)
2-I-04	Discipline of Impaired Physicians by CEJA
5-I-04	Amendment to Opinion E-9.025, “Collective Action and Patient Advocacy”

June 2004 (A-04)
2-A-04	Professional Courtesy to Physicians and Their Families
3-A-04	Selection of Health Care Decision-Making Surrogates
4-A-04	Financial Incentives to Patients for Referrals
6-A-04	Physician Obligation in Disaster Preparedness and Response
7-A-04	Physician Participation in Soliciting Contributions from Patients
9-A-04	Guidelines to Prevent Malevolent Use of Biomedical Research
10-A-04	Judicial Function of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs – Annual Report
12-A-04	Medical Testimony

December 2003 (I-03)
2-I-03	Professionalism and Contractual Relations
5-I-03	Physician Health and Wellness Occup Med (Lond). 2006 Mar;56(2):77-82.

June 2003 (A-03)
2-A-03	Ethical Responsibility to Study and Prevent Error and Harm in the Provision of Health Care
3-A-03	Retainer Practices
4-A-03	Gifts from Patients to Physicians
5-A-03	Professional Self-Regulation and the Judicial Function of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs
6-A-03	Use of Health Related Websites Use of health-related online websites. AJOB. 2003;3(3).
7-A-03	Cloning-for-Biomedical-Research
8-A-03	Disrespect and Derogatory Conduct in the Patient-Physician Relationship
9-A-03	Disclosure of Familial Risk in Genetic Testing
10-A-03	Maintenance of Certification--Ethical Dimensions
12-A-03	Filming for Educational Purposes

December 2002 (I-02)
3-I-02	Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Electronic Mail between Patients and Physicians Opinion 5.026 Ethical guidelines for use of electronic mail between patients and physicians. AJOB. 2003;3(3).

June 2002 (A-02)
1-A-02	Cadaveric Organ Donation: Encouraging the Study of Motivation Opinion 2.151 (Transplantation. 2003;76(4):748-751.)
2-A-02	Disclosure of Familial Risk in Genetic Testing (Genetic Testing. September 2004;8(3):356-359.)

December 2001 (I-01)
2-I-01	Privacy in the Context of Health Care Opinion 5.059
4-I-01	The Use of DNA Databanks in Genomic Research: The Imperative of Informed Consent Opinion 2.079 (Genetics in Medicine. November/December 2004;6(6):526-529.)
5-I-01	A Declaration of Professional Responsibility Further information on the Declaration

June 2001 (A-01)
1-A-01	The Patient-Physician Relationship Opinion 10.015
2-A-01	Ethical Considerations in International Research Opinion 2.077
3-A-01	Filming Patients in Health Care Settings Opinion 5.045
4-A-01	Surrogate Decision Making Opinion 8.081
5-A-01	Performing Procedures on the Newly Deceased for Training Purposes Opinion 8.181 (Acad Med. 2002;77:1212-1216.)

December 2000 (I-00)
1-I-00	Proposed Revision of the Principles of Medical Ethics (PDF, 115KB) AMA Principles of Medical Ethics
2-I-00	Medical Student Involvement in Patient Care Opinion 8.087 (J Clin Ethics. 2001;12(2):111-115.)
3-I-00	Managing Conflicts of Interest in the Conduct of Clinical Trials Opinion 8.0315 (JAMA. 2002;287(1);78-84.)
4-I-00
6-I-00	Genetic Information and the Criminal Justice System Opinion 2.136 (J Law Med Ethics. 2002;30:88-94.)
7-I-00	Support for the Gift of Life Tax Credit Act

June 2000 (A-00)
2-A-00	Physicians With Disruptive Behavior Opinion 9.045
3-A-00	Surgical "Placebo" Controls Opinion 2.076 (Ann Surg. 2002;235(2):303-307.)
4-A-00	Potential Patients: Ethical Considerations Opinion 10.05
5-A-00	Confidentiality of Medical Information Postmortem Opinion 5.051 (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125(September):1189-1192.)

December 1999 (I-99)
1-I-99	Impaired Drivers and Their Physicians Opinion 2.24
3-I-99	Medical Students Performing Procedures on Fellow Students Opinion 3.09
4-I-99	Signing Bonuses to Attract Graduates of U.S. Medical Schools Opinion 9.037
5-I-99	Ethical Implications of Surgical Co-Management Opinion 8.043

June 1999 (A-99)
1-A-99	Sale of Health-Related Products from Physicians' Offices Opinion 8.063
2-A-99	The Ethics of Human Cloning Opinion 2.147 See companion reports by the Council on Scientific Affairs
3-A-99	Ethical Obligations of Medical Directors Opinion 8.021
5-A-99	Patient-Physician Relationship in the Context of Work-Related and Independent Medical Examinations Opinion 10.03
6-A-99	Access to Medical Records by Non-Treating Medical Staff Opinion 7.025

December 1998 (I-98)
2-I-98	Physicians' Political Communications with Patients and their Families Opinion 9.012
3-I-98	Conflicts of Interest: Biomedical Research Opinion 8.031
4-I-98	Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements of Prescription Drugs Opinion 5.015 (Food and Drug Law Journal. 2000;55(1):119-24)
5-I-98	Ethical Considerations of Fees for Referrals (PDF, 124KB)

June 1998 (A-98)
4-A-98	Court-Initiated Medical Treatment in Criminal Cases Opinion 2.065 [Letter to the Editor]. J Law Medicine and Ethics. 27(2):1999.
5-A-98	Information from Unethical Experiments Opinion 2.30
9-A-98	Collective Action and Patient Advocacy Opinion 9.025
10-A-98	The Use of Chaperones During Physical Exams Opinion 8.21
11-A-98	Sexual or Romantic Relations between Physicians and Key Third Parties Opinion 8.145
12-A-98	Reporting Clinical Test Results Opinion 8.095

December 1997 (I-97)
1-I-97	Financial Incentives and the Practice of Medicine Opinion 8.054
2-I-97	Patenting the Human Genome Opinion 2.105
3-I-97	Ethics Consultations Opinion 9.115
5-I-97	Sale of Non-Health-Related Goods from Physicians' Offices Opinion 8.062 (JAMA. 1998;280(6):563.)
6-I-97	Subject Selection for Clinical Trials Opinion 2.071 (IRB. March-June 1998;20(2-3):12-15.)
7-I-97	Invalid Medical Treatment Opinion 8.20
Joint Report of CEJA and CMS	Health Care Fraud and Abuse (I-97) Opinion 9.132 (J Okla St Med Assoc. October 1998;91(7):408-409.)

June 1997 (A-97)
1-A-97	Waiver of Informed Consent for Emergency Room Research Opinion 8.085
4-A-97	The Ethical Implications of Capitation Opinion 8.051
5-A-97	Optimal Use of Orders Not to Intervene and Advance Directives Opinion 2.225 (Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 1998;4:668-674.)
7-A-97	Covenants-Not-to-Compete for Physicians-in-Training Opinion 9.021 (JAMA. 1997;278(7):530an.)

December 1996 (I-96)
1-I-96	Multiplex Genetic Testing Opinion 2.139 (Hastings Center Report. July-August 1998;28(4):15-21.)
2-I-96	Medical Futility in End-of-Life Care Opinion 2.037 Medical futility in end-of-life care. (JAMA. 1999;281:937-941.)
3-I-96	Principles of Genetic Carrier Testing Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics
4-I-96	Organ Procurement: Upholding Donor Decisions Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related CEJA Opinion 2.155: Mandated Choice and Presumed Consent for Cadaveric Organ Donation; and CEJA Opinion 2.157: Organ Procurement Following Cardiac Death

June 1996 (A-96)
1-A-96	Restrictions on Disclosure in Managed Care Contracts Opinion 8.137
2-A-96	Ethical Use of Placebo Controls in Clinical Trials Opinion 2.075
3-A-96	Ethical Issues in Negotiating Discount for Specialty Care Opinion 8.052
Joint Report of CEJA and CSA	Issues of Ethical Conduct in Assisted Reproductive Technology Opinion 2.055

June 1995 (A-95)
1-A-95	Ethical Issues in the Patenting of Medical Procedures Opinion 9.095 (Food and Drug Law Journal. 1998; 53(2): 341-357)
2-A-95	Managed Care Cost Containment Involving Prescription Drugs Opinion 8.135 (Food and Drug Law Journal. 1998; 53 (1): 25-34)
3-A-95	Assertion of the Professional Hippocratic Fiduciary Ethic in the Face of Health Care Reform Proposals (PDF, 152KB)
4-A-95	Testing Children for Genetic Status Opinion 2.138
5-A-95	Gifts to Physicians from Industry: Subsidized Participation by Students, Residents and Fellows in Carefully Selected Educational Conferences (PDF, 139KB)
6-A-95	Physician Participation in Capital Punishment: Evaluations of Prisoner Competence to be Executed: Treatment to Restore Competence to be Executed (PDF, 237KB)

December 1994 (I-94)
1-I-94	Pre-embryo Splitting Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related Opinion 2.145
2-I-94	Finder's Fees: Payment for the Referral of Patients to Clinical Research Studies Opinion 6.03
3-I-94	Ethical Issues in Organ Procurement Following Cardiac Death: In Situ Preservation of Cadaveric Organs Opinion 2.157
4-I-94	Ethical Issues in the Procurement of Organs Following Cardiac Death: The Pittsburgh Protocol Opinion 2.157
5-I-94	The Use of Anencephalic Neonates as Organ Donors Opinion 2.162 (JAMA. 1995 May 24-31; 273(20): 1614-8)

June 1994 (A-94)
13-A-94	Ethical Issues in Managed Care Opinion 8.13 (JAMA. 1995; 273: 330-335)

December 1993 (I-93)
1-I-93	Disputes Between Medical Supervisors and Trainees Opinion 9.055 (JAMA. 1994; 272: 1861-1865)
2-I-93	Strategies for Cadaveric Organ Procurement: Mandated Choice and Presumed Consent Opinion 2.155 (JAMA. 1994 Sept 14; 272 (10): 809-12)
3-I-93	The Use of Minors as Organ and Tissue Donors The previous Opinion 2.167 was deleted in November 2005 and replaced by the current Opinion 2.15, “Transplantation of Organs from Living Donors.”
5-I-93	Conflicts of Interest: Update on Home Care Opinion 8.035
6-I-93	Financial Incentives for Organ Procurement: Ethical Aspects of Future Contracts for Cadaveric Donors Opinion 2.15 (Arch Intern Med. 1995 Mar 27; Vol. 155)
7-I-93	Ethical Issues in Health Care Systems Reform: The Provision of Adequate Health Care Opinion 2.095 (JAMA. 1994 Oct. 5; 272(13): 1056-62)
8-I-93	Physician-Assisted Suicide Opinion 2.211 (JAMA. 1992; 267: 2229-2233)

June 1993 (A-93)
A-A-93	Patient Responsibilities Opinion 10.02 House of Delegates Policy 140.953: Patient Responsibilities
B-A-93	Reporting Adverse Drug and Medical Device Events Opinion 9.032 (Food and Drug Law Journal. 1994; 4 9(2): 359-366)
E-A-93	Physician Participation in Genetic Testing by Health Insurance Companies Opinion 2.135
G-A-93	Gender Discrimination in the Medical Profession Opinion 9.035 (Women's Health Issues. 1994 Spring; Vol. 4 No.1)
K-A-93	Ethical Considerations in the Allocation of Organs and Other Scarce Medical Resources Among Patients Opinion 2.03: Allocation of Limited Medical Resources Opinion 2.16: Organ Transplant Guidelines (Arch Intern Med. 1995; 155: 29-40)

December 1992 (I-92)
A-I-92	Physician Participation in Capital Punishment Opinion 2.06 (JAMA. 1993; 270: 365-368)
B-I-92	Ethical Guidelines for Medical Consultants Opinion 8.02
C-I-92	Caring for the Poor Opinion 9.065 (JAMA. 1993; 269: 2533-2537)
D-I-92	Prenatal Genetic Screening Opinion 2.11: Gene Therapy Opinion 2.12: Genetic Counseling (Arch Fam Med. 1994; 2: 633-642)

June 1992 (A-92)
C-A-92	Confidentiality of HIV Status on Autopsy Reports (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1992; 116: 1120-1123)
G-A-92	Confidential Care for Minors Opinion 5.055
H-A-92	Mandatory Parental Consent to Abortion Opinion 2.015 (JAMA. 1993; 269: 82-86)
I-A-92	Treatment Decisions for Seriously Ill Newborns Opinion 2.215
13-A-94	Ethical Issues in Managed Care Opinion 8.13 (JAMA. 1995; 273: 330-335)

December 1991 (I-91)
A-I-91	Reporting Impaired, Incompetent or Unethical Colleagues Opinion 9.031 (J Miss St Med Assoc. 1992 May; 33(5): 176-7)
B-I-91	Physicians and Family Violence: Ethical Considerations Opinion 2.02 (JAMA. 1992; 267: 3190-3193)
C-I-91	Conflicts of Interest: Physician Ownership of Medical Facilities Opinion 8.032: Conflicts of Interest: Health Facility Ownership by Physician Opinion 8.06: Drugs and Devices: Prescribing (JAMA. 1992; 267: 2366-2369)

June 1991 (A-91)
A-A-91	Ethical Issues in Carrier Screening of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Genetic Disorders Opinion 2.137
B-A-91	Decisions Near the End of Life Opinion 2.20: Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatments Opinion 2.21: Euthanasia Opinion 2.211: Physician Assisted Suicide (JAMA. 1992; 267 (16): 2229-2233)
D-A-91	Decisions to Forgo Life Sustaining Treatment for Incompetent Patients Opinion 2.20 (JAMA. 1992; 267: 2229-2233)
E-A-91	Genetic Testing by Employers Opinion 2.132 (JAMA. 1991; 266: 1827-1830)

December 1990 (I-90)
A-I-90	Sexual Misconduct in the Practice of Medicine Opinion 8.14 (JAMA. 1991; 266: 2741-2745)
B-I-90	Gender Disparities in Clinical Decision-Making Opinion 9.122 (JAMA. 1991; 266: 559-562)
D-I-90	Guidelines for the Appropriate Use of Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders Opinion 2.22 (JAMA. 1991; 265: 1868-1871)
G-I-90	Gifts to Physicians From Industry Opinion 8.061 (JAMA. 1991; 265: 501) (Food and Drug Law Journal. 1992; 47: 445-458)

June 1990 (A-90)
A-A-90	Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship Opinion 10.01
B-A-90	Financial Incentives to Limit Care: Financial Implications for HMOs and IPAs Opinion 8.132
E-A-90	Who Should Profit From the Economic Value of Human Tissue? An Ethical Analysis Opinion 2.08

December 1989 (I-89)
B-I-89	Informing Families of a Patient's Death: Guidelines for the Involvement of Medical Students Opinion 8.18
C-I-89	Black-White Disparities in Health Care Opinion 9.121 (JAMA. 1990; 263: 2344-2346)
I-I-89	Frozen Pre-Embryos Opinion 2.141 (JAMA. 1990; 263: 2484-2487)
Joint Report of CSA and CEJA	Scientific Fraud and Misrepresentation Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related Opinion 2.07: Clinical Investigation
Joint Report of CSA and CEJA	Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research Opinion 8.031 (JAMA. 1990; 263: 2790-2793)

June 1989 (A-89)
A-A-89	Guidelines for the Use of Restraints in Long Term Care Facilities Opinion 8.17
B-A-89	Sexual Harassment and Exploitation Between Medical Supervisors and Trainees Opinion 3.08
C-A-89	Conflicts of Interest: Update Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related Opinion 8.03: Conflicts of Interest: Guidelines
Joint Report of CSA and CEJA	Persistent Vegetative State and the Decision to Withdraw or Withhold Life Support Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related Opinion 2.20: Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Medical Treatment (JAMA. Jan. 19 1990; 263(3): 426-430)
Joint Report of CSA and CEJA	Medical Applications of Fetal Tissue Transplantation Opinion 2.161 (JAMA. 1990; 263: 565-570)

December 1988 (I-88)
A-I-88	Postoperative Care Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related House of Delegates Policies 475.991: Postoperative Care - Responsibility and Reimbursement; and 475.993: Postoperative Care.
B-I-88	Ethical Implications of Age-Based Rationing of Health Care Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related Opinion 2.03: Allocation of Limited Medical Resources, and Opinion 2.095: The Provision of Adequate Health Care.
C-I-88	Anencephalic Neonates as Organ Donors Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related Opinion 2.162 (JAMA. 1995; May 24-31, Vol. 273 No. 20)

June 1988 (A-88)
A-A-88	Physicians Serving on Hospital Governing Boards Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related House of Delegates Policy 225.983: Physician Representation on Hospital Governing Boards
C-A-88	Euthanasia Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related Opinion 2.21 (JAMA. 1992; 267: 2229-2233)

December 1987 (I-87)
A-I-87	Ethical Issues Involved in the Growing AIDS Crisis Opinion 2.23 Opinion 9.131 (JAMA. 1988; 259: 1360-1361)
B-I-87	Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders Opinion 2.22 (JAMA. 1991, 265: 1868-1871)
C-I-87	Study of Practice Enhancement Arrangements Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics

December 1986 (I-86)
A-I-86	Conflicts of Interest Opinion 8.03
B-I-86	Statement on AIDS Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related Opinion 2.23: HIV Testing; and Opinion 9.131: HIV-Infected Patients and Physicians.

June 1986 (A-86)
A-A-86	Fees for Service When Fulfilling Third Party Payer Requirements Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics

December 1985 (I-85)
A-I-85	Notification of Employees at Elevated Disease Risk Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics
B-I-85	Blood Doping Not cited in Code of Medical Ethics, see related House of Delegates Policy 470.978

June 1985 (A-85)
A-A-85	Second Opinion Programs Opinion 8.041

December 1984 (I-84)
B-I-84	Surrogate Parenting
C-I-84	Conflict of Interest—Guidelines
D-I-84	Ethical Implications of Hospital-Physician Risk-Sharing Arrangements Under DRGs
E-I-84	Guidelines for Ethics Committees in Health Care Institutions (PDF, 59KB) Opinion 9.11 (JAMA. 1985; 253: 2698-2699)

June 1984 (A-84)
A-A-84	Organ Donation

December 1983 (I-83)
B-I-83	Confidentiality in the Physician/Patient Relationship
C-I-83	Surrogate Mothers

June 1983 (A-83)
A-A-83	Genetic Counseling; Artificial Insemination by Donor; and In Vitro Fertilization
B-A-83	Interprofessional Relations with Nurses
C-A-83	Sports Medicine

December 1982 (I-82)
A-I-82	Judicial Council Opinion on Abuse of Children, Elderly Persons, and Others at Risk
C-I-82	Ethical Guidelines for Physicians Engaged in Accreditation Activities

December 1981 (I-81)
A-I-81	Charging Interest on Over Due Accounts; Finance Charges
B-I-81	Judicial Council Activities in Bioethics

June 1981 (A-81)
A-A-81	Current Opinions of the Judicial Council
B-A-81	Hospital Ethics Committee
C-A-81	Care of Patients with Neocortical Brain Death

December 1980 (I-80)
B-I-80	Bioethics

July 1980 (A-80)
A-A-80	Capital Punishment
B-A-80	Laboratory Services

July 1979 (A-79)
A-A-79	Interprofessional Relations

December 1978 (I-78)
A-I-78	Cost-Benefit Analysis and Decision Theory

June 1978 (A-78)
C-A-78	Interprofessional Relations

December 1977 (I-77)
Joint Report of CEJA and CMS	Confidentiality of Computerized Patient Information

June 1977 (A-77)
A-A-77	Terminal Illness
B-A-77	The AMA and Medical Ethics